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Greenland Patrol
The Greenland Patrol was a United States Coast Guard operation during World War II. The patrol was formed to support the U.S. Army building aerodrome facilities in Greenland for ferrying aircraft to the British Isles, and to defend Greenland with special attention to preventing German operations in northeast Greenland.〔Tilley, pp.5&6〕 Coast Guard cutters were assisted by aircraft and dog sled teams patrolling the Greenland coast for Axis military activities. The patrol escorted Allied shipping to and from Greenland, built navigation and communication facilities in Greenland, and provided rescue and weather ship services in and around Greenland from 1941 through 1945.
==Background==
Earth's atmospheric circulation pattern requires westerly meteorological observations for prediction of weather conditions to the east. Weather observation stations in Greenland improved the accuracy of weather forecasting for the Atlantic Ocean and northern Europe for tactical advantage in the battle of the Atlantic and European theatre of World War II. Greenland had been part of the Danish colonial empire since 1814. Greenland appeared relatively unprotected following German occupation of Denmark on 9 April 1940. The Allies of World War II became concerned about the possibility of Axis military bases on Greenland.〔Willoughby (1957) pp.95&96〕 The cryolite mine at Ivittuut was a strategically important source of flux for electrolysis of aluminum ores by the Hall–Héroult process for aircraft production.〔Tilley, p.2&3〕
United States Coast Guard personnel had acquired extensive experience in the waters around Greenland as part of their International Ice Patrol duties since 1915. Following negotiations with the Danish Minister to Washington, the United States opened a consulate at Nuuk; and the transported the first American Consul to Ivittuut in May 1940. The United States then agreed to sell armaments to Greenland; and fourteen Coast Guardsmen were discharged to act as civilian armed guards protecting the cryolite mine with a gun offloaded from the .〔 conducted an air survey of Greenland's west coast in August 1940, while cruised along Greenland's east coast searching for evidence of European military activity and compiling information for publication of a ''Greenland Pilot''. On 17 March 1941 USCGC ''Cayuga'' sailed from Boston with the South Greenland Survey Expedition to locate and recommend sites for airfields, seaplane bases, radio stations, meteorological stations, and aids to navigation. ''Northland'' relieved ''Cuyuga'' on 17 May 1941 to continue the survey expedition after ''Cuyuga'' was turned over to the Royal Navy as HMS ''Totland''.〔
The United States occupied Greenland on 9 April 1941 under the 30 July 1940 Act of Havana. As the survey results became available, construction began on a radio and aerological station on Akia Island and airfields at Narsarsuaq and at Kipisako near Ivittuut.〔 Narsarsuaq Air Base was code-named Bluie West 1 (or BW1), and became the major Allied airfield in Greenland. Thousands of planes stopped there to refuel en route to England.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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